Page 654 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

H

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AAAS	American Association for the Advancement of Science
AAS	American Astronomical Society
AC	atmosphere cluster
ACCESS	Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services and Support
ACCESS	Applications of Commercial Constellations for Expanded Science and Space Weather
ACE	Advanced Composition Explorer
ACR	anomalous cosmic ray
ADAS	Atomic Data and Analysis Structure
AE-C	Atmospheric Explorer-C
AE-E	Atmospheric Explorer-E
AFOSR	Air Force Office of Scientific Research
AGS	NSF Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences
AGU	American Geophysical Union
AI	artificial intelligence
AIM	Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere
AIMI	Panel on Atmosphere–Ionosphere–Magnetosphere Interactions
ALMA	Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
AMIE	Assimilative Mapping of Ionosphere Electrodynamics
AMISR	Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar
AMPERE	Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment
AMS	American Meteorological Society
ANSWERS	Advancing National Space Weather Expertise and Research toward Societal Resilience
AO	announcement of opportunity
AO	atomic oxygen
APEX	Astrophysics Probe Explorer
APL	Applied Physics Laboratory
AR	active region
ARMS	Adaptively Refined MHD Solver
ARTEMIS	Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon’s Interaction with the Sun

Page 655 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

AS	Airspace Systems
ASI	all-sky imager
AST	NSF Division of Astronomical Sciences
ASTRE	Atmosphere–Space Transition Region Explorer
ATI	Advanced Technologies and Instrumentation
AURIC	Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code
AWE	Atmospheric Waves Experiment
AWSoM	Alfvén Wave Solar Model
BAPSF	Basic Plasma Science Facility
BARREL	Balloon Array for Radiation-belt Relativistic Electron Losses
BBSO/GST	Big Bear Solar Observatory Goode Solar Telescope
BDD	Burst Detect Dosimeter
BEA	U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
BMPL	Bryn Mawr Plasma Laboratory
BRAVO	Buoyancy Restoring-force Atmospheric-wave Vertical-propagation Observatory
CAIG	Collaborations in Artificial Intelligence and Geosciences
CAMI	Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
CARA	Conjunction Assessment and Risk Analysis
CAREER	Faculty Early Career Development Program
CARI	Civil Aviation Research Institute
CARISMA	Canadian Array for Realtime Investigations of Magnetic Activity
CCMC	Community Coordinated Modeling Center
CDM	conjunction data message
CDP	commercial data purchase
CEDAR	Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions
CESM	Community Earth System Model
CGEM	Coronal Global Evolutionary Model
CGMS	Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites
CGO	Carruthers Geocorona Observatory
CGS	Center for Geospace Storms
ChroMag	Community Synoptic Chromospheric Magnetograph
CIMI	Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere–Ionosphere
CIP	community input paper
CIR	corotating interaction region
CIRES	Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences Climate
CLARO	Coronal Lyman-Alpha Resonance Observatory
CLASP	Chromospheric Layer Spectropolarimeter-2
CLD	Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development
CLEDB	Coronal Line Emission Database
CLPS	Commercial Lunar Payload Services
CMAM	Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model
CME	coronal mass ejection
CMEx	Chromospheric Magnetism Explorer
CMIP	Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
CMOS	complementary metal oxide semiconductor
C/NOFS	Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System
CO5BOLD	COnservative COde for the COmputation of COmpressible COnvection in a BOx of L Dimensions with l=2,3

Page 656 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

COE	[Space Weather] Centers of Excellence
COFFIES	Consequences of Fields and Flows in the Interior and Exterior of the Sun
Co-I	co-investigator
COMP	Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter
COMPASS	Comprehensive Observations of Magnetospheric Particle Acceleration, Sources, and Sinks
CORS	Continuously Operating Reference Station
COSMIC	Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate
COSMO	Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory
COSPAR	Committee on Space Research
CRIS	Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer
CRISP	CRisp Imaging Spectro-Polarimeter
Cryo-NIRSP	Cryogenic Near-IR Spectro-Polarimeter
CSA	Canadian Space Agency
CSM	Community Science Modeling
CSSWE	Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment
CTIPe	Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics Model
CUSIA	Community for the Unified Study of Interhemispheric Asymmetries
CWDP	Commercial Weather Data Pilot
CXD	Combined X-ray Dosimeter
DA	data assimilation
DASHI	Distributed Arrays of Scientific Heterogeneous Instruments
DASI	Distributed Arrays of Small Instruments
DAVINCI	Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging
DE-1	Dynamics Explorer 1
DEIA	diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility
DKIST	Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope
DL	downlink
DMSP	Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
DMU	drag makeup
DoD	Department of Defense
DOE	Department of Energy
DOI	Department of the Interior
DOI	digital object identifier
DOY	day of the year
DRAP	D-Region Absorption Prediction
DRIVE	diversify, realize, integrate, venture, educate
DSC	DRIVE Science Center
DSCOVR	Deep Space Climate Observatory
DSN	Deep Space Network
DST	Dunn Solar Telescope
DTM	Drag Temperature Model
DYNAMIC	Dynamical Neutral Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling
ECCCO	EUV CME and Coronal Connectivity Observatory
ECIP	NASA Early Career Research Program
ECLIPSE	Ecosystem for Leading Innovation in Plasma Science and Engineering
EDR	electron diffusion region
E-Field	electric field sensor
EHC	Ecliptic Heliospheric Constellation

Page 657 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

EIA	equatorial ionization anomaly
EISCAT	European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association
ELFIN	Electron Losses and Fields Investigation
EMTF	Empirical Magnetotelluric Transfer Functions
ENA	energetic neutral atom
ENLoTIS	ESA/NASA Lower Thermosphere–Ionosphere Science
ENSO	El Niño–Southern Oscillation
EO	emerging opportunity
EOVSA	Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array
EPB	equatorial plasma bubble
ERC	European Research Council
ERSA	European Radiation Sensors Array
ESA	European Space Agency
EscaPADE	Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers
ESDMD	Exploration System Development Mission Directorate
ESP	energetic storm particle
ESPA	external evolvable launch vehicle secondary payload adapter
E-Spect	electron spectrometer
ETR	exobase transition region
EUI	Extreme Ultraviolet Imager
EUMETSAT	European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
EUV	extreme ultraviolet
EUVST	Extreme Ultraviolet High-throughput Spectroscopic Telescope
EVE	Extreme ultraviolet Variability Experiment
EZIE	Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer
FA	focus area
FAA	Federal Aviation Administration
FAC	field-aligned current
FAIR	findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable
FAR	False Alarm Ratio
FASR	Frequency-Agile Solar Radiotelescope
FAST	Fast Auroral Snapshot
FDSS	Faculty Development in geoSpace Science
FINESST	Future Investigators in NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology
FIP	first ionization potential
FIREBIRD	Focused Investigations of Relativistic Electron Burst Intensity, Range, and Dynamics
FLARE	Facility for Laboratory Reconnection Experiments
FLIP	field line interhemispheric plasma
FST	focused science topic
FTE	full-time equivalent
FUV	far ultraviolet
FY	fiscal year
GAO	U.S. Government Accountability Office
GBO	ground-based observatory
GBT	Green Bank Telescope
GC	Geospace Cluster
GCR	galactic cosmic ray
GDC	Geospace Dynamics Constellation

Page 658 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

GDP	gross domestic product
GEANT	Geometry and Tracking
GEC	Geospace Electrodynamics Connections Explorer
GEM	Geospace Environment Modeling
GEMINI	Geospace Environment Model of Ion-Neutral Interactions
GEO	geostationary orbit
GEO	[NSF] Directorate for Geosciences
GFM	Geoelectric Field Model
GFS	Global Forecast System
GGS	global geospace science
GIC	geomagnetically induced current
GLE	ground-level enhancement
GloTEC	Global Total Electron Content
GLOW	Global Airglow Model
GNSS	Global Navigation Satellite System
GOES	Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
GOLD	Global-Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk
GONG	Global Oscillation Network Group
GPS	global positioning system
GQ	guiding question
GRFP	NSF Graduate Research Fellowships Program
GRIS	GREGOR Infrared Spectrograph
GSI	gas–surface interactions
GSRP	Graduate Student Researchers Program
GTO	geosynchronous transfer orbit
GUVI	Global Ultraviolet Imager
HAARP	High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
HALO	[Gateway] Habitat and Logistics Outpost
HAMMONIA	Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere
HAO	High Altitude Observatory
H-ARD	Heliophysics Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Ready Data
HARP	Heliophysics Audified: Resonances in Plasma
HASDM	High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model
HDEE	Heliophysics Data Environment Enhancement
HDR	Harnessing the Data Revolution
HDTC	Heliospheric Dynamics Transient Constellation
HE	hydrostatic equilibrium
HEC	high-end computing
HEEO	highly elliptical Earth orbit
HeLEX	Heliophysics Large Explorer
HEO	highly elliptical orbit
HEPPA	High Energy Particle Precipitation
HERMES	Heliophysics Environmental and Radiation Measurement Experiment Suite
HESTO	Heliophysics Strategic Technology Office
HF	high frequency
H-FORT	Heliophysics Flight Opportunities for Research and Technology
H-FOS	Heliophysics Flight Opportunity Studies
HGI	Heliophysics Guest Investigator
HGIO	Heliophysics Guest Investigator—Open

Page 659 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

HISFM	Heliophysics Internal Scientist Funding Model
HITL	human-in-the-loop
H-LCAS	Heliophysics Low Cost Access to Space
HMI	Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager
HP	heliopause
HPAC	Heliophysics Advisory Committee
HPC	high-performance computing
HPD	[NASA] Heliophysics Division
HSL	HelioSystems Laboratory
HSO	Heliophysics Systems Observatory
HSR	Heliophysics Supporting Research
HTIDeS	Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Development for Science
HTM	Heliophysics Theory, Modeling, and Simulation
HW	Habitable World
HWM	Horizontal Wind Model
HXR	hard X-ray
HYPERS	Hybrid Particle Event-Resolved Simulator
HZETRN	High Charge (Z) and Energy Transport
IAA	interagency agreement
I-ALiRT	Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe Active Link for Real-Time
IBEX	Interstellar Boundary Explorer
IBIS	Interferometric Bidimensional Spectropolarimeter
IC	infrastructure cluster
ICAO	International Civil Aviation Organization
I-Circuit	Interhemispheric Circuit
ICME	interplanetary coronal mass ejection
ICON	Ionospheric Connection Explorer
IDS	interdisciplinary scientists
IGERT	Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship
IHA	interhemispheric asymmetries
ILWS	International Living With a Star
IMAGE	Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration
IMAP	Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe
IMF	interplanetary magnetic field
INMS	ion and neutral mass spectrometer
IPCC	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPM	interplanetary medium
IRB	independent review board
IRI	International Reference Ionosphere
IRIS	Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph
IS	incoherent scatter (radar)
ISEP	Solar Energetic Particle Warning System
ISMF	interstellar magnetic field
ISRIM	Incoherent Scatter Radar Model
ISRO	Indian Space Research Organization
ISS	International Space Station
ISTPNext	Next International Solar Terrestrial Program Next-Generation
ISWAT	Space Weather Action Teams
I-T	ionosphere–thermosphere

Page 660 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

ITM	ionosphere–thermosphere–mesosphere
IVM	Ion Velocity Meter
JAXA	Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
JHUAPL	Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
JMA	Japan Meteorological Agency
JPSS	Joint Polar Satellite System
JUICE	Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
JWST	James Webb Space Telescope
KASA	Korean Aerospace Administration
K-Cor	Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory K-Coronagraph
KDP	key decision point
KH	Kelvin-Helmholtz
KMA	Korea Meteorological Agency
KOMP	Korean Multi-Purpose Satellite
KoSO	Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
LAITIR	Low Altitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere In Situ Researcher
LANL	Los Alamos National Laboratory
LAPD	Large Plasma Device
LASCO	Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph
LAT	Fermi Large Area Telescope
LBH	Lyman-Birge-Hopfield
LEO	low Earth orbit
LEXI	Lunar Environment Heliospheric X-ray Imager
LIC	local interstellar cloud
LiDAR	light detection and ranging
LISM	local interstellar medium
LISN	Low-Latitude Ionospheric Sensor Network
LOFAR	low-frequency array
LOMPE	European Local Mapping of Polar Ionospheric Electrodynamics
LOS	line-of-sight
LRG	longer-range goal
LTRX	Line-Tied Reconnection Experiment
LWS	Living With a Star
M2M	Moon to Mars
MACAWS	Multicenter Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor
MACH	Magnetic fields, Atmospheres, and Connection to Habitability
MAE	mean absolute error
MAG	magnetometer
MAG	Panel on the Physics of Magnetospheres
MAGE	Multiscale Atmosphere–Geospace Environment Model
MAGPIE	Mega Ampere Generator for Plasma Implosion Experiments
MAS	Magnetohydrodynamic Algorithm outside a Sphere
MAVEN	Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution
MCEM	Multipoint Comprehensive Eruptive Mission
MEM	microwave electrojet magnetogram
MEO	medium Earth Orbit
MERRA	Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications

Page 661 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

MERRA-2	Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2
MESSENGER	Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging
MetOp	Meteorological Operational
MFR	magnetic flux rope
MHD	magnetohydrodynamic
M-I	magnetosphere–ionosphere
MICA	Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Coupling in the Alfvén Resonator
MIDEX	Medium-Class Explorer
MIGHTI	Michelson Interferometer for Global High-Resolution Thermospheric Imaging
MIMO	multiple-in–multiple-out
MinXSS	Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer
MIO	Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Observatory
M-I-T	magnetosphere–ionosphere–thermosphere
ML	machine learning
MLSO	Mauna Loa Solar Observatory
MLT	magnetic local time
MLT	mesosphere and lower thermosphere
MMS	Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
MO	Mission of Opportunity
MOA	memorandum of agreement
MOU	memorandum of understanding
MPS	NSF Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences
MREFC	Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction
MRI	Major Research Infrastructure
MRX	Magnetic Reconnection Experiment
MSIS	Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter Radar
MSL	Mars Science Laboratory
MSRI	Mid-Scale Research Infrastructure
MT	magnetotelluric
MURaM	Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research/University of Chicago Radiative MHD
MUSE	Multi-Slit Solar Explorer
MWA	Murchison Widefield Array
NAS	NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAVGEM-HA	Navy Global Environmental Model-High Altitude
NAVy	Global Environmental Model NAVGEM
NCAR	National Center for Atmospheric Research
NEON	Near Earth Orbit Network
NERC	Natural Environmental Research Council
NESDIS	National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
NetCDF	Network Common Data Form
ngGONG	Next Generation Global Oscillations Network Group
NIF	National Ignition Facility
NIRAC	near-infrared airglow camera
NMDB	Neutron Monitor DataBase
NOAA	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NO_x	nitrogen oxides
NRAO	National Radio Astronomy Observatory
NRCan	Natural Resources Canada

Page 662 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

NRL	Naval Research Laboratory
NRLMSIS	Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter Radar
NRT	near real time
NSB	National Science Board
NSF	National Science Foundation
NSN	Near Space Network
NSO	National Solar Observatory
NSPIRES	NASA Solicitation and Proposal Integrated Review and Evaluation System
NSPO	[Taiwan] National Space Organization
NSS	National Security Space
NuSTAR	Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array
NWS	National Weather Service
O2R	operations-to-research
OASIS	Operations and Science Instrument Support
ONR	Office of Naval Research
OpenGGCM	Open Geospace General Circulation Model
OPP	NSF Office of Polar Programs
OSE	observing system experiment
OSS	open source science
OSSE	observing system simulation experiment
OTHR	Over-the-Horizon Radar
OVATION	Oval Variation, Assessment, Tracking, Intensity, and Online
OVRO-LWA	Owens Valley Radion Observatory’s Long Wavelength Array
PCI	Polar Cap Indices
PFISR	Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar
PFSS	potential field source surface
PHASMA	phase space mapping
PHY	NSF Division of Physics
PI	principal investigator
PIC	particle-in-cell
PIXIE	Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment
PNA	prefer not to answer
PNT	Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
POD	Precise Orbit Determination
POES	Polar Operational Environmental Satellites
POS	plane of the sky
PPPL	Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
PROBA	Project for Onboard Autonomy
PROBA2	Project for Onboard Autonomy 2
PROSWIFT	Promoting Research and Observations of Space Weather to Improve the Forecasting of Tomorrow Act
PSG	priority science goal
PSP	Parker Solar Probe
PUI	pickup ion
PUNCH	Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere
QPP	quasi-periodic pulsation
R&A	research and analysis

Page 663 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

R2O	research to operations
R2O2R	research to operations to research
RAAN	right ascension of the ascending node
RAD	Radiation Assessment Detector
RADYN	Radiation Hydrodynamics Code
RAMENS	Radiative Magnetohydrodynamic Extensive Numerical Solver
REFM	Relativistic Electron Forecast Model
REU	Research Experiences for Undergraduates
RF	radio frequency
RFB	Radio Frequency Beacon
RHESSI	Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager
RISR	Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar
RISR-C	Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar—Canada
RISR-N	Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar—North
RL	readiness level
ROSES	Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science
RSTN	Radio Solar Telescope Network
SAA	South Atlantic Anomaly
SABER	Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry
SAGA	Scintillation Auroral Global Positioning System Array
SAID	subauroral ion drift
SAMPEX	Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer
SAPS	subauroral polarization stream
SAR	stable auroral red
SCaN	Space Communication and Navigation Program
SCATHA	Spacecraft Charging At High Altitudes
SCIFER	Sounding of the Cleft Ion Fountain Energization Region
SDAC	Solar Data Analysis Center
SDO	Solar Dynamics Observatory
SEAESRT	Spacecraft Environmental Anomalies Expert System—Real Time
SED	storm-enhanced density
SEE	Solar EUV Experiment
SEON	Solar Electro-Optical Network
SEP	solar energetic particle
SGPS	Solar and Galactic Proton Sensor
SHIELD	Solar wind with Hydrogen Ion charge Exchange and Large-Scale Dynamics
SHINE	Solar, Heliospheric, and Interplanetary Environment
SHP	Panel on the Physics of the Sun and Heliosphere
SIGMA	Satellite-beacon Ionospheric-scintillation Global Model of the upper Atmosphere
SIR	stream interaction region
SLAMS	Short Large-Amplitude Magnetic Structures
SLS	space launch system
SMD	Science Mission Directorate
SMEX	Small Explorer
SMILE	Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer
SML	SuperMAG Lower Index
SOARS	[NSF] Significant Opportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science
SOHO	Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
SOL	Space weather Observations at L1
SOLIS	Synoptic Optical Long-Term Investigations of the Sun

Page 664 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

SoloHI	Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager
SOMD	Space Operations Mission Directorate
SoP	state of the profession
SORTIE	Scintillation Observations and Response of the Ionosphere to Electrodynamics
SOSS	Supplements for Open-Source Science
SOT	Solar Optical Telescope
SOURCE	Synchronized Observations of Upflow, Redistribution, Circulation, and Energization
SPA	Space Physics and Aeronomy Section of the American Geophysical Union
SPD	Solar Physics Division of the American Astronomical Society
SPD-3	Policy Directive 3
SPDF	Space Physics Data Facility
SPO	Solar Polar Orbiter
SPORT	Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task
SPRING	Solar Physics Research Integrated Network Group
SPS	Spectral Plasma Solver
SPSC	Space Physics Simulation Chamber
SRAG	Space Radiation Analysis Group
SRS-3	Solar Radiation Scale-3
SSA	space situational awareness
SSA	strategic science area
SST	Swedish Solar Tower
SSW	sudden stratospheric warming
SSX	Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment
STC	science and technology center
STEAM	science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics
STEM	science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
STEMM	science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine
STEREO	Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory
STEVE	strong thermal emission velocity enhancement
STIX	Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays
STMD	Space Technology Mission Directorate
STP	Solar Terrestrial Probe
SunRISE	Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment
SuperDARN	Super Dual Auroral Radar Network
SUVI	Solar Ultraviolet Imager
SWAG	Space Weather Advisory Group
SWaP	size, weight, and power
SWAP	Sun Watcher with Active Pixels and Image Processing
SWARM-EX	Space Weather Atmospheric Reconfigurable Multiscale Experiment
SWFO-L1	Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1
SWMF	[University of Michigan] Space Weather Modeling Framework
SWMI	Panel on Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Interactions
SWO	[NOAA] Office of Space Weather Observations
SWORM	Space Operations, Research, and Mitigation
SWP	[NASA] Space Weather Program
SWPC	[NOAA] Space Weather Prediction Center
SWPT	Space Weather Prediction Testbed
SWQU	Space Weather with Quantified Uncertainties
SWSA	Panel on Space Weather Science and Applications

Page 665 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

SWSAP	National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan
SWUG	Space Weather Underground
SXR	soft X-ray
T&M	theory and modeling
TAD	traveling atmospheric disturbance
TDO	technology demonstration option
TDRSS	Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
TEC	total electron content
TESS	Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
TGRS	Tri-GNSS Radio-occultation System
THEMIS	Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms
TID	traveling ionospheric disturbance
TIE-GCM	Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Electrodynamics General Circulation Model
TIMED	Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics
TLS	terahertz limb sounder
TOPS	Transform to Open Science Program
TR	transition region
TR&T	targeted research and technology
TRACE	technical, risk, and cost evaluation
TRACERS	Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites
TraCSS	Traffic Coordination System for Space
TREX	Terrestrial Reconnection Experiment
TRICE-2	Twin Rocket Investigation of Cusp Electrodynamics 2
TRL	technology readiness level
TS	termination shock
TWINS	Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom Spectrometers
UCAR	University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
UCoMP	Upgraded Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter
UFKW	ultra-fast Kelvin wave
ULF	ultra-low frequency
UNOOSA	UN Office for Outer Space Affairs
URM	underrepresented minority
USAP	U.S. Antarctic Program
USGS	U.S. Geological Survey
USSF	U.S. Space Force
UV	ultraviolet
UVI	Ultraviolet Imager Instrument
VADR	Venture Class Acquisition of Dedicated and Rideshare
VCLS	Venture Class Launch Service
VERB	Versatile Electron Radiation Belt
VERITAS	Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy
VIIRS	Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite
VISIONS	Visualizing Ion Outflow via Neutral Atom Sensing
ViSP	Visible Spectro-Polarimeter
VLA	Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array
VLF	very low frequency
VLISM	very local interstellar medium
VSO	Virtual Solar Observatory

Page 666 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Next Decade of Discovery in Solar and Space Physics: Exploring and Safeguarding Humanity's Home in Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27938.

WACCM-X	Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model—eXtended
WAM-IPE	Whole Atmosphere Model—Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics
WAVE	Wave-Induced Atmospheric Variability Enterprise
WDC-SILSO	World Data Center—Sunspot Index and Long-Term Solar
WHPI	Whole Heliosphere and Planetary Interactions
WINCS	Winds–Ion–Neutral–Composition Suite
WISPR	Wide-Field Imager for Parker Solar Probe
WMO	World Meteorological Organization
WPI	wave–particle interaction
WSA	Wang-Sheeley-Arge
XRP	Exoplanets Research Program
YIP	Young Investigator Program