Strategies to Improve Pedestrian Safety at Night: A Guide (2025)
Chapter: Appendix: Nighttime Countermeasures by the Safe System Roadway Design Hierarchy
APPENDIX
Nighttime Countermeasures by the Safe System Roadway Design Hierarchy
Countermeasure |
Tier 1: Remove Severe Conflicts |
Tier 2: Reduce Vehicle Speeds |
Tier 3: Manage Conflicts in Time |
Tier 4: Increase Attentiveness and Awareness |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Road reallocation |
√ |
√ |
||
Speed feedback signs |
√ |
|||
Automatic speed enforcement |
√ |
|||
Lower speed limits |
√ |
√ |
||
Lighting |
√ |
|||
Marked crosswalks |
√ |
|||
Traffic signals |
√ |
|||
Pedestrian hybrid beacons |
√ |
|||
Rectangular rapid flashing beacons |
√ |
|||
Daylighting/curb extensions |
√ |
|||
Crossing islands |
√ |
√ |
||
Sidewalks/walkways/shared use paths |
√ |
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Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: |
|
A4A |
Airlines for America |
AAAE |
American Association of Airport Executives |
AASHO |
American Association of State Highway Officials |
AASHTO |
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials |
ACI–NA |
Airports Council International–North America |
ACRP |
Airport Cooperative Research Program |
ADA |
Americans with Disabilities Act |
APTA |
American Public Transportation Association |
ASCE |
American Society of Civil Engineers |
ASME |
American Society of Mechanical Engineers |
ASTM |
American Society for Testing and Materials |
ATA |
American Trucking Associations |
CTAA |
Community Transportation Association of America |
CTBSSP |
Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program |
DHS |
Department of Homeland Security |
DOE |
Department of Energy |
EPA |
Environmental Protection Agency |
FAA |
Federal Aviation Administration |
FAST |
Fixing Americaʼs Surface Transportation Act (2015) |
FHWA |
Federal Highway Administration |
FMCSA |
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration |
FRA |
Federal Railroad Administration |
FTA |
Federal Transit Administration |
GHSA |
Governors Highway Safety Association |
HMCRP |
Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program |
IEEE |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
ISTEA |
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 |
ITE |
Institute of Transportation Engineers |
MAP-21 |
Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) |
NASA |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
NASAO |
National Association of State Aviation Officials |
NCFRP |
National Cooperative Freight Research Program |
NCHRP |
National Cooperative Highway Research Program |
NHTSA |
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |
NTSB |
National Transportation Safety Board |
PHMSA |
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration |
RITA |
Research and Innovative Technology Administration |
SAE |
Society of Automotive Engineers |
SAFETEA-LU |
Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) |
TCRP |
Transit Cooperative Research Program |
TEA-21 |
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) |
TRB |
Transportation Research Board |
TSA |
Transportation Security Administration |
U.S. DOT |
United States Department of Transportation |
Transportation Research Board
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
