A
Academie des Sciences de Paris, 25
The Admiralty, 10, 48, 65, 69, 79, 147, 230
High Court of, 49
Pepys as Secretary of, 89, 187, 236
Adventure Galley, 120
Albergaria, Dom Manuel Soares, 61, 198
Alchemy
Boyle’s fascination with, 136
Newton’s interest in, 74, 136, 238
Alfrey, George, ship’s surgeon, 10
Altitudes of the sun, measuring, 40, 85
Amicable Society, 123
Anguilla, 125
“Animal magnetism,” 138
Anne, Queen, 139–140, 156, 158–160, 163, 243
death of, 162
Antarctica
Halley’s close approach to, 99–100, 104, 191
Royal Society’s base named after Halley, 194
Articles of Religion, 31
Arundel House, 25
Asimov, Isaac, 181
Aston, Francis, 109
Astrolabe, 40
Astronimia Carolina, 238
Atkinson, James, 94
Atlas Maritimus, 94
Aurora borealis, 175–176
Azimuth of the sun, calculating directly, 47
B
Bacon, Francis, 25
Bainbridge, John, 234
Banns, reading of, 124–125
Bartels, Julius, 144
“Battle of the Books,” 8, 24, 27, 30, 36, 130, 183, 191
Bay of Tonkin. See Gulf of Tonkin
Beefeaters, 72
Benbow, Rear Admiral John, 17, 38
Benguela current, 101
Bentley, Richard, 27
Bermuda, 125–126, 129, 136, 208
Bernard, Edward, 31
Biggs, Bartholomew, 49
Binnacle, 43
Biographia Britannica, 187
Bloodless Revolution, 22
Bloodletting, 118–119
Bond, Henry, 41
Book of Common Prayer, 31
Books, on board the Paramore, 94–95
Borough, William, 136
Boston Gazette, 178
Boucher, Charles, 109
Boyle, Charles, 27
Boyle, Robert, 25, 30, 52, 132, 135
fascination with alchemy, 136
Bradley, James, 167
Bryant, Humphry, 126
Buccaneers, 49
Burchett, Secretary Josiah (of the Admiralty), 39, 58, 62–63, 101, 118, 155, 195, 197–201
Burnet, Thomas, 27–28
Burton, Thomas, 9
Butts, Mathew, gunner’s mate, 9
C
Cambridge University, 55, 73, 235
Cape Bona Esperance, 209
Cape Verde islands, 55, 90–91, 197–198, 208
Caroline Code, 237
Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 22–23, 51, 105–106, 164–165, 239
Castro, John de, 40
Caswell, John, 233
Catherine, Queen, 166
Chain of command, 66
Charles II, King, 25, 41–42, 51, 184, 244
constellation dedicated to, 55
Cheseaux, J. P. Loys de, 178
Child, Sir Francis, 20
Chiropractics, 138
conservatism of, 31
Cinchona bark, helping thwart malaria, 119
Citrus juices, warding off scurvy, 121
The City of London, 20
Clark, James, 50
Clark, Sir George, 244
adjusting, 52
using Jupiter’s moons as, 86–87
Cockburn, William, 118
Coins, innovation to prevent clipping, 114–115
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 233
Coley, Henry, 42
Colonial trade, 88–89
Coloumb, Charles, 143
Columbus, Christopher, 16–17, 40
and magnetic variation, 232
Comet craze, 182
Comets
Halley’s interest in, 22, 168–174
Halley’s predictions regarding, 178–180
Compasses.
See also Scientific instruments
construction of, 43–45
development of, 44
Halley’s use of, 43–44, 46, 92, 208
keeping in working order, 39–40
taking multiple readings of, 48
unknown inventor of, 139
Constable, Captain John, 159
Contraband, temptation to trade in, 61
Cook, Captain James, 103–104, 119, 188, 231, 239
Cooke, Margaret, 107
Copernicus, Nicolas, 104
Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe, 230
Course correction, 208
Crabtree, William, 103
Curie temperature, 143
D
Dampier, William, 41, 47, 57, 69–70, 79, 94, 118–119, 235, 239
Dampster, Robert, carpenter’s servant, 9
Danger, harbingers of, 57
Davenport, Francis, 150–151
da Vinci, Leonardo, 148
Davis, Thomas, seaman, 9
Deacon, Margaret, 235
Dean, Sir Anthony, 89
Death sentence, 65.
See also Hangings
Declination. See Magnetic variation (declination)
“Deflection of magnetic needle,” 16
De Motu, 75
Deptford, 9, 15, 43, 127, 149, 156, 159, 201
Diana Peak, 51
Diet aboard ship, 120–121
Discipline on long ocean voyages, 10, 59, 62, 65–66
Discourse on Pirates, 11
Diseases, 119–120
Distances at sea, measuring, 45
Divine intervention, denunciation of, 28
Diving equipment, Halley’s interest in, 114, 116, 240
Divining rod, 136
Dodson, John, boatswain and gunner, 9
Dowty, William, carpenter’s mate, 9
Dryden, John, mingling with Royal Society fellows, 18
Dunbar, John, midshipman, 9
Dutch East India Company, 5, 141
Dutton, Humphrey, 161
E
The Earth
bulging at its equator, 52, 164
creation of, 32
distance from Sun, 102–103
distance from Venus, 103
early history of, 176–177
Earth’s magnetism, 4, 42, 92, 131–132, 189–190
contribution to navigational problems, 6
geodynamics of, 189–190
reversals in, 190
East India Company, 42, 49, 51–53, 102, 233.
See also St. Helena
Empirical science, 25
English Channel, 12, 147–148, 154, 159
English Parliament, 88
The Enlightenment, 182–183, 232–233
early, 24
Halley a champion of, 187
Halley’s comet a symbol of, 182
rationalizing intervention on foreign soils, 186
Epistolia de Magnete, 136
Erles, William, ship’s surgeon, 156
An Essay on Criticism, 27
Expeditions. See Scientific missions
F
The Falconbird, 84
Fernao Martins Mascarenhas de Lencastre, 111–112
Field, Richard, 53
Fisher, William, 94
Flamsteed, John, Astronomer Royal, 22–23, 35, 41, 50–51, 105–106, 132, 151–154, 160, 238, 242
Halley’s early contacts with, 50, 55
slandering Halley, 34–36, 108, 134–135, 142, 159
“Flying island” of Swift, 137
Food rationing, 58.
See also Diet aboard ship
France
allied with the Dutch against England, 90
England’s war of attrition against, 4, 9
Franklin, Benjamin, 138
French Revolution, 183
Frisius, Gemma, 136
Full and True Account of the Battle Fought Last Friday, Between the Ancient and the Modern Books in St. James Library , 27
Funk, Gerald, 235
G
Gale, Thomas, 109
Galileo Galilei, 104, 148, 164
Gascoigne, William, 25, 51, 135
Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 143
Gazette, 71
Geographic bounty, England’s continued interest in, 4, 186
Geomagnetism, 47, 132, 176, 189, 240
Halley’s interest in, 6, 39, 50
George, Prince of Denmark, 139, 160
George I, King, 162–163
George III, King, 103
Gilbert, William, 92, 131–132, 176, 185, 240
Glanvill, Joseph, 28
Glenn, James, seaman, 9
Global positioning systems, Halley laying groundwork for, 190
The Glorious Revolution, 19, 158, 183, 231
God, as “the Great Mechanic,” 26
God’s will, seeking evidence of in nature, 25
Graham, James, 138
Gravitational theory, of Newton, 13
Great Fire of London of 1666, 8, 19, 25, 72, 76
Greaves, John, 234
Greenwich Observatory, 23, 93, 166, 185, 193
Halley named Astronomer Royal at, 163–165
reequipping, 165
site of, 7
Gregorian calendar, 229
Gregory, James, 103
Grey, Ralph, 117
Guillotin, Joseph, 138
The Guynie, 113–114
H
Halley, Captain Edmond, 16.
See also Royal Society of London
a champion of the Enlightenment, 187
charged with improving navigation, 12, 39, 89–90, 113–114
close approach to Antarctica, 99–100, 104, 191
contradictions within, 186
contributions in mathematics, 163
contributions to geophysics, 142
critics of, 34
death of, 178
difficulties handling his first crew, 60–63
early contacts with Flamsteed, 50, 55
elected secretary of the Royal Society, 28, 196
first voyage of, 1–79
friend of Isaac Newton, 3, 116, 180, 183
gaining prominence from
association with Newton, 31, 78–79, 171
grieving loss of cabin boy, 84–85, 87
intelligence collection by, 154, 157
interest in a hollow earth, 174–175, 243
interest in comets, 22, 157 168–174
interest in diving equipment, 114, 116, 240
interest in geomagnetism, 6, 39, 50, 133–136, 138, 175
interest in hurricanes, 113
interest in social relationships, 122
interest in the aurora borealis, 175–176
journal entries from, 196–197, 203–204
laying groundwork for global positioning systems, 190
made Astronomer Royal, 163
a meticulous observer, 85, 87–88, 149–150
most important accomplishments of, 104, 188
murder of his father, 71–73
navigational talents of, 12, 209, 231
Pepys complimenting his character, 12
plan to survey the world magnetic field, 6
posthumous honors received by, 194
predictions regarding comets, 178–180
role in publication of Newton’s Principia, 76–79
royal decree given to, 3
second voyage of, 81–144
slandered by Flamsteed, 34–36, 108, 134–135, 142, 159
slanders against, 34–36, 64, 73
southern star charts of, 55
speculating that a comet triggered the flood, 33–34
taking over publishing the Philosophical Transactions, 109
third voyage of, 145–191
tomb of, 194
use of compasses, 43–44, 46, 92, 208
view of poverty, 122
vision of, 24
wife of, Mary Tooke, 12, 121, 178
work on gunnery, 155
work on magnetic variation, 46
work on mortality tables, 121–123
the world as his laboratory, 4, 43, 56
youth and education of, 49–50
Halley, Edmond, Sr., 71–73
“Halleyan lines,” 129
“Halleymania,” 181
Halley’s comet, 179
a symbol of the Enlightenment, 182
Halley’s World Chart of Magnetic Variations, 138–142, 207–210
Hangings, 66–68
The Hannibal, 112
Hanover, 159
Hansteen, Christopher, 143
Harding, Fisher, master shipwright, 15
Harmon, Caleb, clerk, 9
Harris, John, 129
Harrison, Edward, first lieutenant, 10–11, 16, 44, 47–48, 95
defying Halley, 62–63
resentment against Halley, 68
Harrison clock, 189
Harvey, William, 27
Hawley, Thomas, 73
Health remedies, link to magnetics, 136
Hellmann, G., 131
Hevelius, Catherine Elisabeth, 106, 108
slander about her and Halley, 35, 108
Hevelius, Johannes, 30, 51, 105–110
Hjorter, Olaf, 176
Hobbes, Thomas, 26
Hodges, John, boatswain’s servant, 9
Holland, allied with the French against England, 90
Hooke, Robert, 18, 22–26, 30, 41, 70–71, 74–75, 105–109, 116, 133–137, 164, 172–173, 233
Humankind’s faith in itself, struggle to boost, 37
Humboldt, Alexander von, 142–143, 230, 241
Hurricane season, Halley’s discovery of, 113
Hygiene, personal, 120
Hypnosis, 138
I
Idea Longitudinis, 10, 47–48, 95
An Idea of Geography and Navigation, 94
See also Published papers
Industrial Revolution, laying the foundation for, 89
Ingoldsby, Peter, seaman, 9
Inquiry, spirit of, 184
Instruments. See Scientific instruments
International scientific cooperation, 140, 154, 191
Inverse square law, of planetary motion, 71–76, 172
Isle of Wight, 17
J
James I, King, 239
James II, King, 6, 22, 73, 90, 152
Jonathan’s (coffee house), 18
Julian calendar, 229
Julius Caesar, first invasion of England, Halley calculating the place and date of, 112–113, 190
Jupiter’s moons
and longitude, 238
using as clocks, 86–87
Justel, Henri, 23
K
Kendal watch, 189
Kensington Palace, 8
Kepler, Johannes, 70–71, 75, 102, 104, 132
Kidd, Captain, 19, 64, 67, 120
“Knots,” measuring speed at sea, 45, 150
Knowledge
as great as angels’, 37
Halley a dedicated servant to, 188
Kohoutek, Lubos, 181
L
Laboratory, of Halley’s, the entire world as, 4, 43, 56
Laputa, 137
Laudian Statutes of 1636, 237
Lavoisier, Antoine, 138
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 29
Levant Company, 21–22
Livro de Marinharia, 40
Lodestones, 44–45
concept of, 45
London Gazette, 71
London society, 5.
See also Great Fire of London of 1666;
Tower of London
complex hierarchy of, 36
haunts frequented by intellectuals, 18, 25
love of hangings, 66–68
periodicals in, 20
The Longitude Act, 161–162, 185, 243
Longitude calculations, 43, 61, 87, 91, 164, 200, 232, 244
contribution of chronometer to, 242
estimating, 209
geomagnetic scheme for, 47
The Longitude Found, 41
Longitude marker, 193
Louis XIV, King of France, 23, 90, 158, 233
Louis XVI, King of France, 138
Lunar tables, 86
M
Magellan, Ferdinand, 97
Magellan’s Straits, 4
“Magnet,” derivation of, 44–45
Magnetic forces of Earth, mysterious, 4, 128
Magnetic variation (declination), 61, 129
and Christopher Columbus, 232
earlier tables of, 241
the key measurement, 39–41, 46, 208
slow change in, 209
Halley’s interest in, 3
Halley’s plan to survey, 6
Magnetometer, development of, 143–144
Mainwaring, Sir Henry, 11
Malaria, cinchona bark helping thwart, 119
Marijuana, 119–120
Marine science, 235
Mariners, importance to English society, 6–7
Marriage Act, 125
Marriages, 124–125
Martin, Benjamin, 179
Mary II, Queen, 3, 6, 78–79, 158
plans continued after her death, 7–9, 100, 130–131
Masklyne, Nevil, 167
Mathematical knowledge, 152–153
Medicine of the 17th century
bloodletting, 118–119
lagging behind other sciences, 119
magnetic remedies in, 137–138
Mercantilism, 88
Mercator projection maps, 90, 129
Mercury
path with the Ecliptic, 54
transit across disk of the Sun, 102, 105
Mesmer, Franz Anton, 137–138
Mesmerism, 138
Messier, Charles, 179
Micrographia, 26
Micrometers, improved, 25
Middleton, Benjamin, 229
Missions. See Scientific missions
The Moon, 165
crater named after Halley, 194
Halley planning observations of, 163
irregular motion of, 86
passing in front of a fixed star in Virgo, 91
seasonal changes in, 151
using cycles of to determine longitude, 164
Moore, Sir Jonas, 54
Morocco, 48
Mortality tables, 121
Moslems, raids on Christian ships by, 48
Mount, Richard, 129
Mount, William, 210
Multiple readings, 48
simultaneous, 102
Munden, Real Admiral, 147–148
Mutiny at sea, 65–66
N
“Natural philosophy,” 7
Nature, 231
Nature, seeking evidence of God’s will in, 25
Nautical Almanac, 167
Naval Minutes, 230
Navigation
based on astronomy, 85
Halley charged with improving, 12, 39, 89–90, 113–114
search for better techniques for, 39, 93–94
Navigation Acts, 88–90
Nelson, Robert, 22
Neoclassicism, 26
The New Exchange, 56
Newfoundland, 126, 129, 161, 200
Newhouse, Daniel, 94
The “new philosophy,” 235
New Theory of the Earth, 177
Newton, Samuel, 94
Newton, Sir Isaac, 30, 52, 140, 172–174
becoming president of the Royal Society, 159
critics of, 34
death of, 177
difficulty accepting the doctrine of the trinity, 31
education of, 55
friend of Halley’s, 3, 24, 73–75, 116, 180, 183
gravitational theory of, 13
interest in alchemy, 74, 136, 238
interest in optics, 74
legislative influence of, 161
mathematical logic of, 8
natural forces explained by, 27, 77, 170, 180
publication of the Principia, 18, 30–32, 136, 148, 237–238
work at the Mint, 9
work on tides, 77
A New Voyage Round the World, 94
Northern lights. See Aurora borealis
North Pole
angular distance to, 85
geographic, 43
The North Star, 43
Nostrums, in 17th century London, 21
O
Of Ancient and Modern Learning, 26
Oliver, Captain S. P., 191, 230
Opium, 119
Opticks, 116
Oxford Philosophical Society, 173
Oxford University, 50–51, 235, 237
P
Palitzch, Johann George, 179
Parallax of the Sun, 54
The Paramore, 5–9, 14–19, 22–23, 38, 42, 68, 230–231
books on board, 94–95
caught among icebergs, 99–100
crew of, 9–10, 60–65, 83–84, 200
described, 5
eventual sale of, 159
first voyage of, 1–79
a floating observatory, 93
guiding, 46
Halley’s disappointment in, 15
loss of cabin boy from, 84–85
maintaining, 59–60
mistaken attacks on, 55–56, 111–112
second voyage of, 81–144
shortcomings of, 14–16, 79, 83
southernmost point reached by, 95–101
third voyage of, 145–191
wages records of, 202–203
Peace of Ryswick, 9
Pepys, Samuel, 64–65, 89, 119, 187, 204, 230, 236
complimenting Halley’s character, 12
role in building the British Navy, 244
as Secretary of the Admiralty, 89, 187, 236
Peregrinus, Petros, 136–137
Personal hygiene, 120
Peter the Great, 115
Phase transitions, magnetism offering ways to study, 189
Philosophical Transactions. See Royal Society of London
Physics, in low dimensions, magnetism offering ways to study, 189
Pinfold, Richard, captain’s servant, 9, 149
“Pinks,” 5, 14–15, 38–39, 58, 79
Piracy, 237
danger of, 48
punishment for, 66–68
“Plain Chart” reckoning, 90
Planetary motion, Kepler’s laws of, 70–71, 132
Plymouth, 63
The Plymouth, 149
Polo, Marco, 5
The Pool of London, 11
Pope, Alexander, 26–27
Popery, “abomination” of, 19
Portsmouth harbor, 16–17
Post Man, 20–21
Price, Richard, boatswain, 156
Price, Thomas, carpenter, 9
The Principia, 18, 30–32, 76–79, 136, 148, 237–238
second edition of, 171–172
Privateers, 49
Public spirit, British concept of, 231
Published papers, by university students, 55
Punishment. See Discipline on long ocean voyages
Purcell, Henry, 7
Q
Queiros, Pedro Fernandez de, 5
R
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 185
Random disorder, magnetism offering ways to study, 189
Ray, John, 142
Reconciliation, between empirical studies and human values, 191
Religion, dominating English life, 31
Resection method, in surveying, 156
Rio de Janeiro, 91–92, 101, 129
Robinson, Tancred, 109
The Roebuck, 239
Roemer, Olaus, 164
“Round robin” mutinies, 66, 237
Royal African Company, 84, 113
The Royal Mint, 9, 72, 114, 188
Newton’s work at, 9
The Royal Navy, 10–11, 59, 65, 69, 89, 118, 231–232
Halley’s letters to, 195
Halley’s many services to, 188
Royal Observatory. See Greenwich Observatory
Royal Society of London, 11, 28–35, 52, 105–106, 115, 130, 132, 137, 177, 184, 233
criteria for nomination to, 25
establishment of, 230
Halley as clerk of, 34, 70, 188
Halley as secretary of, 140
Halley’s election to, 55
Halley’s election to the council of, 159
Halley’s friends within, 6, 12, 24, 109
Halley’s presentations to, 32–33, 169, 171, 175, 182, 188
“Magnetics Committee” of, 132
Philosophical Transactions of, 21, 29–30, 50, 76, 109, 140, 164, 182, 233, 240
resented by the universities, 234–235
secretaries of, 30, 109, 137, 142, 233
soliciting sea observations from the maritime community, 39
Rye House Plot, 72
S
St. Christopher’s. See St. Kitts
St. Elmo’s Fire, 57
St. Helena, 21, 35, 42, 49, 51–55, 100–102, 106, 108–109, 129, 133, 160, 190, 208, 233
St. James Church, 124
St. Paul’s Cathedral, 19
St. Paul’s School, 50
St. Pierre, Le Sieur de, 41
Sanitation, 120
Saros, observations of, 166, 236
“Saturday night at sea” tradition, 123
Savile, Sir Henry, 31
Savilian Professorship of Astronomy at Oxford, 7, 31, 130, 233
battle over Halley getting, 35, 175
Savilian Professorship of Geometry at Oxford, 159, 171, 233–234
Scepsis Scientifica, 28
Science, 7.
See also “Natural philosophy”
applying to military improvements, 154–155
as the companion of religion, 34
Scientific data, sharing, 140, 154, 180, 210
Scientific instruments, 15.
See also Diving equipment
descriptions of, 51, 86–87, 92–93
innovations in, 74, 92–93, 107, 143–144, 162, 165, 242
stowage for, 17
Scientific journals, invention of, 29
Scientific missions, 56, 69, 103, 191, 230
Sea Chart. See Halley’s World Chart of Magnetic Variations
The Seaman’s New Epitome, 94
Secular variation, 242
Self-directed study, 55
Selkirk, Alexander, 238
Seller, John, 94–95
“Shadow instrument,” 40
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 183
Sharing scientific data, 140, 154
Shipboard routine, 58–59
Ship’s log. See Logbook
Shipwrecks
sheer numbers of, 39
treacherous weather blamed for half, 38
Shovell, Admiral Sir Clowidisley, 45, 65, 68, 70, 150, 20
Sinclair, Edward, 126
Sisson, Jonathan, 165
Slavery, 53
Sloane, Dr. Hans, 21, 30, 109, 142, 196
Social status, 5
Society for the Reformation of Manners, 19
Society of Assurance for Widows, 20
Southern constellations, 54
charting, 55
viewing, 42
South Georgia Island, 99
Southwell, Sir Robert, 204–206
The Speedwell, 117
Spherical influences, 132
Spherical trigonometry, 46–47, 50
Spice Islands, 5
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants, 235, 238
Star catalogs, 105
Stevenson, Thomas, 178
Stillingfleet, Bishop Edward, 34
Straits of Magellan, 4
Streete, Thomas, 238
Stuarts. See House of Stuart
The Sun.
See also Altitudes of the sun;
Azimuth of the sun
Mercury’s transit across, 102, 105
parallax of, 54
Venus’s transit across, 103, 105, 188
criticizing the moderns as atheists, 8, 26, 28–29
The Swiftsure, 64–65
Synopsis of Cometary Astronomy, 171
T
Tabloids, in 17th century London, 20
Tahiti, 103
Telescopes. See Scientific instruments
Telluris Theoria Sacra, 28
Temple, Sir William, 8, 26–27, 36
Teonge, Henry, 123
Terra incognita, 4–5, 92, 98–101
Thompson, John, seaman, 9
Thrower, Norman J. W., 241, 244
Tides
Halley’s work on, 147–152, 156
irregular, 151–153
Newton’s work on, 77
Tierra del Fuego, 97
Tooke, Mary, Halley’s wife, 12, 121, 178
Torture, 49
Townley, Richard, 135
Trajectory problem, 155
Treaty of Utrecht, 161
Trinity, those having difficulty accepting doctrine of, 31, 33
Tristan da Cunha, 100–101
“True meridian,” of no variation, 40, 208
True north, 43
Tucker, George, mate, 126
Tyburn’s Tippet, 68
Typhoid, 117–118
U
The Unity, 49
U.S. Patent and Trade Office, 136
V
Venus, transit across disk of the Sun, 103, 105, 188
Villiers, Elizabeth, 131
Vinicot, John, seaman, 9
A Voyage to New Holland, 239
W
“Waggoners,” 94
Waghenaer, Lucas, 94
Wallis, John, 55, 130, 159, 173–174, 234
War of the Spanish Succession, 158
Water
dowsing for, link to magnetics, 136
maintaining supplies of at sea, 58–59, 109–110
pumping, 59
Weather.
See also Shipwrecks discerning patterns in, 57, 93
Westfall, Richard S., 235
Westminster Abbey, 162, 177, 244
Whiston, William, 33, 161, 177, 235
White, Manly, cabin boy, 84
White light, Newton’s insights into, 74
The Whole Art of Navigation, 94
William and Mary, joint rule of, 31, 183–187
William and Mary College, 8
William III (William of Orange), King, 4, 7, 9, 15, 115, 130–131, 158
Willoughby, Lord Francis, 112
Wishard, David, seaman, 9
Withers, Samuel, seaman, 9
Women, opportunities for in science, 106–107
Woodward, Dr. John, 232
The world
command of the sea as key to, 185
Enlightenment players out to discover, 184
as Halley’s laboratory, 4, 43, 56
Wotton, William, 27
Wren, Sir Christopher, 8, 19, 22, 24, 30, 55, 70–71, 142
Wright, Captain William, 127