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Front Matter i-x
GENETIC MECHANISMS 1-2
STUDIES OF HUMANS 3-3
STUDIES OF ANIMALS 4-4
Steroids 5-7
Dopamine 8-8
Norepinephrine 9-9
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) 10-10
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Benzodiazepine Receptors 11-11
NEUROANATOMIC APPROACH 12-12
NEUROPSYCHOLOGIC APPROACH 13-13
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC APPROACH 14-14
NEUROIMAGING APPROACH 15-15
HYPOGLYCEMIA, DIET, AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 16-16
REFERENCES 17-20
ANIMAL STUDIES 21-21
INTRODUCTION 22-23
CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES 24-25
GENETICS AND PERSONALITY TRAITS 26-29
Juvenile Antisocial Behavior 30-31
NORWEGIAN TWIN STUDY 32-32
Danish Twin Study 33-33
Danish Adoption Studies 34-35
Swedish Adoption Study 36-37
Iowa Adoption Studies: Cadoret 38-38
VIOLENCE AND HUMAN GENETICS 39-41
Summary and Critical Overview of the Results 42-45
PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE HUMAN GENETIC RESEARCH 46-46
SOCIOBIOLOGY, EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, AND VIOLENCE 47-47
GENETICS, RACE, AND VIOLENCE 48-49
REFERENCES 50-58
The Neurobiology of Violence and Aggression 59-61
FELINE MODELS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ELICITED BY BRAIN STIMULATION 62-62
ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CAT 63-63
Afferent Connections 64-66
Efferent Connections 67-68
Afferent Connections 69-70
LIMBIC-MIDBRAIN MODULATION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CAT 71-72
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY OF AGGRESSION: THE OPIOID PEPTIDE SYSTEM 73-76
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS BASED ON DATA FROM STUDY OF FELINE MODELS OF AGGRESSION 77-77
Adaptive Versus Maladaptive Violence and Aggression: Animal and Human Models 78-78
Measuring the Dependent Variable 79-79
VIOLENCE IN PERSONS WITH NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 80-80
Schizophrenia 81-81
Epilepsy 82-84
Aggression as an Epileptic Equivalent 85-85
Violent Offenders - Nonsex Crimes 86-86
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Pharmacotherapy 87-87
Psychosurgical Treatment of Violent Offenders 88-88
Treatment of Violence - A Commentary 89-89
SOCIAL CLASS, AGE, AND GENDER RELATED TO VIOLENCE 90-90
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC STUDIES RELATED TO VIOLENCE 91-91
Neurodevelopmental Issues 92-92
Possible Etiological Variables 93-94
Some Areas Not Addressed - Some Roads Not Traveled 95-98
REFERENCES 99-172
TERMINOLOGIES OF AGGRESSION 173-173
Potential for Harm or Damage 174-174
Aversiveness 175-175
Utilities of Aggression 176-176
Different Tests for Animal Aggression 177-178
HETEROGENEOUS NATURE OF HUMAN AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE 179-179
HORMONES AND AGGRESSION 180-180
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 181-181
DEFINING "HORMONE" 182-183
STUDIES INVOLVING HORMONES AND "AGGRESSION" 184-193
STUDIES ON NONPRIMATES 194-195
INFRAHUMAN PRIMATE STUDIES 196-196
HUMAN DATA 197-203
INFRAHUMAN PRIMATE STUDIES 204-204
HUMAN DATA 205-207
INFLUENCES OF SEX HORMONES ON ADULT AGGRESSIVE MOTIVATION 208-208
STUDIES ON NONPRIMATES 209-211
INFRAHUMAN PRIMATE STUDIES 212-213
HUMAN DATA 214-220
BODILY RHYTHMS AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 221-221
ADRENOMEDULLARY FUNCTION AND HUMAN AGGRESSION 222-222
EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON PERCEPTION 223-223
EXPERIENCE-INDUCED CHANGES IN HORMONAL STATUS OF THE RECEIVER 224-224
INFLUENCES OF FIGHTING ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN MAMMALS 225-225
CONCLUSION 226-228
REFERENCES 229-244
NEUROSCIENCE PERSPECTIVE 245-246
TYPES OF AGGRESSIVE AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 247-247
NEUROCHEMISTRY AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGY OF AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE 248-248
Noradrenergic Correlates of Animal Aggression 249-249
Dopaminergic Correlates of Animal Aggression 250-250
Catecholaminergic Correlates Of Human Aggression And Violence 251-251
Neuropharmacologic Manipulations of Catecholamines 252-254
SEROTONIN 255-255
5-HT Correlates of Animal Aggression 256-256
Neuropharmacologic Manipulations of 5-HT in Animals 257-260
5-HT Correlates of Human Aggression and Violence 261-262
CONCLUDING STATEMENT 263-263
Gaba Correlates of Animal Aggression 264-264
Neuropharmacologic Modulation of GABA 265-265
ACETYLCHOLINE 266-267
ANTIPSYCHOTICS 268-270
ANTIDEPRESSANTS 271-271
Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Reuptake Blockers and MAO Inhibitors 272-272
Lithium 273-274
ANXIOLYTICS 275-275
GABAA-BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR-CHLORIDE CHANNEL COMPLEX, AGGRESSION, AND VIOLENCE 276-278
Beta-Blockers 279-279
Concluding Statement 280-280
REFERENCES 281-514
INTRODUCTION 515-515
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES 516-517
EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGIES 518-519
SUGAR AND BEHAVIOR 520-520
SUGAR, HYPOGLYCEMIA, AND BEHAVIOR 521-522
SUGAR AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 523-525
RESEARCH NEEDS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SUGAR ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 526-526
SUGAR AND ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY 527-530
FOOD ADDITIVES AND ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY 531-532
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD CHOLESTEROL AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 533-534
REFERENCES 535-540
Index 541-549

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Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 2: Biobehavioral Influences (1994)

Chapter: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Pharmacotherapy

My Academies

Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 2: Biobehavioral Influences (1994)

Chapter: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Pharmacotherapy