Closing the Opportunity Gap for Young Children (2023)
Chapter: Appendix B: Percentage of Children from Birth through Age 5 and Not Yet in Kindergarten Participating in Various Weekly Nonparental Care Arrangements, by Child and Family Characteristics, 2019
| Weekly nonparental care arrangement | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Number of children (thousands) | At least one weekly nonparental care arrangement | Typea | No weekly nonparental care arrangement | ||
| Relative care | Nonrelative care | Center-based careb | ||||
| Total | 21,195 | 59 | 37 | 18 | 62 | 41 |
| Child’s age | ||||||
| Less than 1 year | 4,621 | 42 | 58 | 22 | 31 | 58 |
| 1–2 years | 8,425 | 55 | 45 | 23 | 46 | 45 |
| 3–5 years | 8,149 | 74 | 25 | 13 | 83 | 26 |
| Child’s sex | ||||||
| Male | 10,992 | 59 | 37 | 17 | 63 | 41 |
| Female | 10,203 | 60 | 37 | 19 | 61 | 40 |
| Child’s race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 10,420 | 61 | 33 | 22 | 65 | 39 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 2,706 | 63 | 43 | 9 | 59 | 37 |
| Hispanic | 5,424 | 56 | 45 | 14 | 56 | 44 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic | 1,181 | 55 | 34 | 10 | 66 | 45 |
| Other race, non-Hispanicc | 1,463 | 59 | 32 | 21 | 62 | 41 |
| Family type | ||||||
| Two parents or guardians | 17,105 | 58 | 34 | 19 | 63 | 42 |
| One parent or guardian | 4,089 | 65 | 51 | 13 | 58 | 35 |
| English spoken at home by parents/guardiansd | ||||||
| Both/only parent(s)/guardian(s) speak(s) English | 18,424 | 61 | 38 | 18 | 61 | 39 |
| One of two parents/guardians speaks English | 706 | 41 | 25 | 11 ! | 71 | 59 |
| No parent/guardian speaks English | 2,065 | 48 | 30 | 14 | 74 | 52 |
| Highest education level of parents/guardians | ||||||
| Less than high school | 1,884 | 43 | 46 | 13 | 58 | 57 |
| High school/GED | 4,001 | 49 | 49 | 12 | 54 | 51 |
| Vocational/technical or some college | 5,061 | 56 | 43 | 16 | 57 | 44 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 5,988 | 64 | 33 | 20 | 64 | 36 |
| Graduate or professional degree | 4,261 | 75 | 28 | 22 | 70 | 25 |
| Labor force status of parents/guardianse | ||||||
| Two-parent/guardian family Both full time | 6,401 | 86 | 36 | 24 | 58 | 14 |
| One full time, one part time | 2,860 | 64 | 40 | 18 | 57 | 36 |
| One full time, one not in labor force | 6,315 | 31 | 19 | 8 | 83 | 69 |
| Other | 1,371 | 44 | 40 | 12 | 57 | 56 |
| Single-parent/guardian family | ||||||
| Full time | 2,136 | 75 | 48 | 16 | 61 | 25 |
| Part time | 716 | 78 | 54 | 9 | 51 | 22 |
| Not in the labor force | 936 | 36 | 54 | 7 ! | 60 | 64 |
| Looking for work | 302 | 50 | 59 | ‡ | 52 | 50 |
| Weekly nonparental care arrangement | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Number of children (thousands) | At least one weekly nonparental care arrangement | Typea | No weekly nonparental care arrangement | ||
| Relative care | Nonrelative care | Center-based careb | ||||
| School enrollment status of parents/guardians | ||||||
| Both or single parent(s)/guardian(s) enrolled | 766 | 62 | 50 | 9 ! | 56 | 38 |
| Both or single parent(s)/guardian(s) not enrolled | 18,175 | 59 | 37 | 18 | 62 | 41 |
| One parent/guardian enrolled, one not enrolled (two-parent/guardian households) | 2,253 | 58 | 37 | 18 | 61 | 42 |
| Region | ||||||
| Northeast | 3,589 | 66 | 36 | 20 | 64 | 34 |
| South | 7,499 | 58 | 35 | 13 | 65 | 42 |
| Midwest | 4,744 | 61 | 38 | 22 | 61 | 39 |
| West | 5,363 | 55 | 42 | 19 | 57 | 45 |
| Household income | ||||||
| $20,000 or less | 2,401 | 51 | 43 | 11 | 61 | 49 |
| $20,001–$50,000 | 5,063 | 46 | 44 | 12 | 59 | 54 |
| $50,001–$75,000 | 3,659 | 55 | 45 | 20 | 50 | 45 |
| $75,001–$100,000 | 2,849 | 58 | 41 | 18 | 59 | 42 |
| $100,001 or more | 5,376 | 72 | 32 | 19 | 66 | 28 |
| Poverty statusf | ||||||
| At or above poverty threshold | 17,316 | 62 | 36 | 19 | 62 | 38 |
| Below poverty threshold | 3,879 | 50 | 44 | 10 | 62 | 50 |
| Assistance to pay for primary care arrangementg | ||||||
| Parents received assistance (for one or more arrangements) | 1,577 | 100 | 26 | 19 | 80 | † |
| Parents did not receive assistance | 7,013 | 100 | 24 | 25 | 71 | † |
| No fee for care | 4,004 | 100 | 64 | 4 | 40 | † |
NOTE: Estimates represent about 12,594,000 children who have at least one weekly nonparental care arrangement. Children may have multiple weekly arrangements across the three types of care; therefore, a single child may be represented in multiple columns of this table. Among all children from birth through age 5 and not yet in kindergarten, 11 percent of children’s parents reported having more than one type of regularly scheduled weekly nonparental care arrangement. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
a Among children with at least one weekly nonparental care arrangement.
b Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, pre-kindergartens, and other early childhood programs.
c “Other, non-Hispanic” includes American Indian/Alaska Native children who are not Hispanic and children who are Two or more races and not Hispanic.
d Complete descriptions of the categories for English spoken at home by parents/guardians are as follows: (1) Both parents/guardians or the only parent/guardian learned English first or currently speak(s) English in the home, (2) One of two parents/guardians in a two-parent/guardian household learned English first or currently speaks English in the home, and (3) No parent/guardian learned English first and both parents/guardians or the only parent/guardian currently speak(s) a non-English language in the home.
e Full-time employment is defined as working 35 hours or more per week. Part-time employment is defined as working fewer than 35 hours per week.
f Determined by the federal government, the poverty threshold is the income necessary to meet the household’s needs, given its size and composition. Income is collected in categories in the survey, rather than as an exact amount, and therefore the poverty measures used in this report are approximations of poverty. Detailed information on the poverty status calculation used in this report is available in appendix B.
g Assistance could be from a state welfare or family assistance program, a relative, an employer, another social service, or someone else. Parents were asked about assistance only for the primary arrangement within each arrangement type.
† Not applicable.
! Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent.
‡ Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the 2019 National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2019).
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