References

Altstadt, R. (2023) TriMet News. “TriMet works to combat drug use on board as health experts determine no public health risk from drug residue detected on transit.” https://news.trimet.org/2023/09/trimet-works-to-combat-drug-use-on-board-as-health-experts-determine-no-public-health-risk-from-drug-residue-detected-on-transit/ [cited 2024 Jul 29].

Anguiano, D. (2024) “We Give Them Second Chances: The Frontline Workers Guiding Riders Through LA’s Transit System.” The Guardian (US Edition), Jun 17. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jun/17/los-angeles-metro-ambassador-program-ridership-crime#:~:text=Ambassadors%20receive%20a%20three%2Dweek,support%20our%20riders%20and%20safety

Baker, M.G., M. Beaudreau, and C. Zuidema (2023) “Assessing fentanyl and methamphetamine in the air and on surfaces of transit vehicles.” University of Washington.

Broghammer, T. (2024) RTD Denver. [cited 2024 Aug 19]. RTD to expand elevator program after pilot shows a clear reduction in reports of illegal activities, maintenance calls. https://www.rtd-denver.com/community/news/rtd-to-expand-elevator-program-after-pilot-shows-a-clear-reduction-in-reports-of-illegal-activities-maintenance-calls

Burkhardt, B.C., and S. Akins (2022) “How should police respond to homelessness? Results from a survey experiment in Portland, Oregon.” Criminal Justice Studies. Jul 3;35(3):274–94.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) Overdose Data to Action Case Studies: Harm Reduction. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

Chang, R. (2024) “Fear and Stigma in San Francisco: How Harm Reduction Workers Navigate Burnout, Policing, and Local Resistance Amid the Opioid Crisis” [BA Thesis]. University of Chicago

Chicago Department of Public Health (2022) Overdose Prevention & Harm Reduction Initiatives.

——— (2023) Public Health Vending Machine Pilot Program.

Cohen, J.P., S. Huleatt, S. Murphy, and C.J. Rash (2024) “Transit and treatment: Aligning systems to address substance use in Connecticut.” Health Services Research. Feb;59(S1):e14268.

Collins Kalu (2015) SOP – Handling of Hazardous Materials at Metro Facilities and on Metro Vehicles.

Dasgupta, N., L. Beletsky, and D. Ciccarone (2018) “Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.” Am J Public Health. Feb;108(2):182–6.

Dee, T.S., and J. Pyne (2022) “A community response approach to mental health and substance abuse crises reduced crime.” Sci Adv Jun 10;8(23)

DiCicco-Bloom, B., and B.F. Crabtree (2006) “The qualitative research interview.” Med Educ. Apr;40(4):314–21.

Ding, H., A. Loukaitou-Sideris, and J.L. Wasserman. (2022) “Homelessness on public transit: A review of problems and responses.” Transport Reviews. Mar 4;42(2):134–56.

Estephan, M., C. Loner, and N.M. Acquisto (2020) “Effect of Extreme Temperature on Naloxone Nasal Spray Dispensing Device Performance.” Prehosp Disaster Med.;35(3):272–5.

FDA (2023) “FDA Approves First Over-the-Counter Naloxone Nasal Spray.” https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-over-counter-naloxone-nasal-spray [cited 2024 Aug 19].

FTA (2024) August 2024 Raw Monthly Ridership. 2024. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/monthly-module-raw-data-release

Hill, A. (2024) ITS International. “SEPTA launches 3D fare gates pilot with Conduent.”

Hunter, K., J.N. Park, S.T. Allen et al. (2018) “Safe and unsafe spaces: Non-fatal overdose, arrest, and receptive syringe sharing among people who inject drugs in public and semi-public spaces in Baltimore City.” International Journal of Drug Policy. Jul;57:25–31.

Hymon, S. (2023) TheSource. [cited 2024 Aug 16]. Our pilot program to test restrooms for riders and staff begins this month at four Metro stations. https://thesource.metro.net/2023/10/12/our-pilot-program-to-test-restrooms-for-riders-and-staff-begins-this-month-at-four-metro-stations/

International CPTED Association (2024).

Jordan, M. (2021) Bay Area Rapid Transit. BART Ambassadors mark one-year anniversary: “We see a lot of things.” [cited 2024 Aug 20]. https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2021/news20210210

Kiszla, C. (2024) KTLA 5. “Metro ambassador calls for more security after being punched in the face.” https://ktla.com/news/local-news/metro-ambassador-calls-for-more-security-after-being-punched-in-the-face/ [cited 2024 Aug 19].

Kohli, S., J. Garg, D.E. Velasquez, and S.G. Weiner (2023) “Designing a public access naloxone program for public transportation stations.” Healthcare. Jun;11(2):100694.

LA Metro (2024a) Board Report: Transit Community Public Safety Department Implementation Plan. https://boardagendas.metro.net/board-report/2024-0169/ [cited 2025 May 27]

LA Metro (2024b) TheSource. “Improving safety on the system: Metro launches TAP to exit pilot at North Hollywood B Line station beginning May 28.” https://thesource.metro.net/improving-safety-on-the-system-metro-launches-tap-to-exit-pilot-at-north-hollywood-b-line-station-beginning-may-28/

LA Metro. (2023a) TheSource. “Drug-Free Metro campaign on Metro B (Red), A (Blue) and L (Gold) Lines starting to show results.” https://thesource.metro.net/2023/03/30/drug-free-metro-campaign-on-metro-b-red-a-blue-and-l-gold-lines-starting-to-show-results/ [cited 2024 Aug16].

LA Metro (2023b) TheSource. “Actions our Board is considering to advance our public safety plan.” https://thesource.metro.net/2023/03/15/actions-our-board-is-considering-to-advance-our-public-safety-plan/ [cited 2024 Jul 29].

LA Metro (2023c) TheSource. “Music is just one part of the story at Westlake/MacArthur Park Station.” https://thesourcearchives.metro.net/2023/04/05/music-is-just-one-part-of-the-story-at-westlake-macarthur-park-station/ [cited 2024 Aug 16].

LA Metro (2022) Gender Action Plan.

LA Metro (2019) Understanding How Women Travel.

LA Metro (2017) Metro Customer Code of Conduct: [cited 2025 May 27] https://libraryarchives.metro.net/DB_Attachments/WGGC%20Service%20Provider%20Notes%20Links/Code%20of%20Conduct.pdf

LA Metro (n.d.) [cited 2024 Aug 19]. “Everyone Deserves a Safe Metro.” https://www.metro.net/riding/safety-security/

Lebrun-Harris, L.A., T.P. Baggett, D.M. Jenkins et al. (2013) Health Status and Health Care Experiences among Homeless Patients in Federally Supported Health Centers: Findings from the 2009 Patient Survey. Health Services Research. Jun;48(3):992–1017.

Legislative Assembly of the State of California. (2024) An act to add Section 6723 to the Labor Code, relating to occupational safety and health.

Liederman, M. (2024) Block Club Chicago. [cited 2024 Aug 19]. “Narcan Vending Machines Are Helping Those In Need, Advocates Say As CTA Eyes Expansion.” https://blockclubchicago.org/2024/03/04/narcan-vending-machines-are-helping-those-in-need-advocates-say-as-cta-considers-expanding-program/

Loukaitou-Sideris, A., J. Wasserman, R. Caro, and H. Ding (2020) Homelessness in Transit Environments Volume I: Findings from a Survey of Public Transit Operators. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/55d481p8 [cited 2024 Jul 29]

——— (2021) Homelessness in Transit Environments Volume II: Transit Agency Strategies and Responses. [cited 2024 Jul 29]; https://escholarship.org/uc/item/87b0v8cr

Mass Transit Magazine (2022) “SEPTA to include Lumin-Air Transit’s MERV-13 equivalent filters on New Flyer buses.” [cited 2024 Aug 21] https://www.masstransitmag.com/bus/vehicles/hvac/press-release/21282235/lumin-air-septa-to-include-lumin-air-transits-merv-13-equivalent-filters-on-new-flyer-buses

Melamed, O.C., W.K. deRuiter, L. Buckley, and P. Selby (2022) “Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Impact on Substance Use Disorder Treatments.” Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Mar;45(1):95–107.

Minnesota State Legislature (2024) Bill HF2045-1. [cited 2025 May 27] https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/text.php?number=HF2045&version=0&session=ls93&session_year=2023&session_number=0

NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) Opioids (2024) [cited 2024 Oct 8]. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/opioids

NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) (2024) Substance Use and Co-Occurring Mental Disorders [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 8]. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health

Oregon Health Authority (2021) Measure 110 Information for Individuals. Oregon Health Authority. [cited 2025 May 27] https://www.oregon.gov/oha/hsd/amh/pages/measure110.aspx

Oregon State Senate (2024) Oregon Senate Bill 1553. [cited 2025 May 27]. https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2024R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/SB1553

Peterson, J. (2024) Cal Matters. “Crime is rising at L.A. Metro. Is a new police force the answer?” https://calmatters.org/economy/2024/07/california-transit-safety-la-metro-police/ [cited 2024 Aug 19].

Prevention Partnership (2022) The West Side Heroin/Opioid Task Force https://www.p2online.net/westsidetaskforce [cited 2024 Aug 19].

Prout, K. (2023) Chicago Reader. “How the Reader calculated opioid-related overdose deaths on the CTA.”

RTD Denver (2024) Customer Experience Elevator Pilot Program Assessment Report.

RTD Staff (2022) RTD Denver. “RTD is implementing security measures at Union Station bus concourse to thwart unwanted activities.” https://www.rtd-denver.com/community/news/rtd-implementing-security-measures-union-station-bus-concourse-to-thwart-unwanted [cited 2024 Jul 29].

——— (2023) RTD Denver. “Improvements to Union Station making area safer for the community.” https://www.rtd-denver.com/community/news/improvements-to-union-station-making-area-safer-the-community [cited 2024 Jul 29].

Schoenberger, S.F., E.R. Cummins, J.J. Carroll et al. (2024) “Wanna cry this out real quick?”: an examination of secondary traumatic stress risk and resilience among post-overdose outreach staff in Massachusetts. Harm Reduct J. Mar 19;21(1):66.

Schulte, P., S. Sauter, H. Tiesman et al. (2024) NIOSH Science Blog, “An Urgent Call to Address Work-related Psychosocial Hazards and Improve Worker Well-being.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2024/04/10/workplace-psychosocial-hazards/

SEPTA (2024) Transit Police. https://wwww.septa.org/safety/security/

SEPTA (2021a) “SEPTA Board Approves Measures to Add More Social Outreach Workers.” https://wwww.septa.org/news/septa-board-approves-measures-to-add-more-social-outreach-workers/

SEPTA (2021b) SCOPE Leading the Way: SEPTA’s Coordinated Response to Safety and Security.

SEPTA (n.d.) SCOPE Partnerships. https://wwww.septa.org/safety/scope/scope-partnerships/ [cited 2024 Aug 16].

Skinner S., and S. Rankin (2016) “Shut Out: How Barriers Often Prevent Meaningful Access to Emergency Shelter.” SSRN Journal. http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2776421 [cited 2024 Jul 29].

Stepanova, E., A. Thompson, G. Yu, and Y. Fu (2024) “Changes in mental health services in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in high-income countries: a rapid review.” BMC Psychiatry. Feb 6;24(1):103.

Sutter, A., M. Curtis, and T. Frost (2019) “Public drug use in eight U.S. cities: Health risks and other factors associated with place of drug use.” International Journal of Drug Policy. Feb;64:62–9.

TriMet (2023) Mass Transit Magazine. “TriMet Board of Directors approves continuing and expanding TriMet’s Safety Response Team.” https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/press-release/53067600/trimet-trimet-board-of-directors-approves-continuing-and-expanding-trimets-safety-response-team

TriMet (n.d.) TriMet Personnel and Security Staff. https://trimet.org/about/personnel.htm [cited 2024 Aug 16].

Unachukwu, I.C., M.P. Abrams, A. Dolan et al. (2023) “The new normal has become a nonstop crisis”: a qualitative study of burnout among Philadelphia’s harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Harm Reduct J. Mar 11;20(1):32.

Washington State Senate (2023) Senate Bill 5536: Controlled Substances, Counterfeit Substances, Legend Drugs, and Drug Paraphernalia—Possession and Treatment. SB5536.

Wight, H., and J.H. Ratcliffe (2024) “Aiding or enabling? Officer perspectives on harm reduction and support services in an open-air drug market.” Policing and Society. Jul 2;34(6):535–50.

York, T. (2024) TriMet News. “Oregon’s new drug law will improve safety on TriMet, in public spaces starting Sept. 1.” https://news.trimet.org/2024/08/oregons-new-drug-law-will-improve-safety-on-trimet-in-public-spaces-starting-sept-1/ [cited 2024 Aug 19].

Zapata, M., J. MacArthur, A. Rockhill, and R. Petean (2023) TCRP Research Report 242: Homelessness: A Guide for Public Transportation, Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board [cited 2024 Oct 22]. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/27248

This page intentionally left blank.