Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments (2025)
Chapter: Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures
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Appendix C: Committee Member and Staff Biographies
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Data File | Study Name | Cohort Size | Races | Sex | Diseases | Earliest Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFMULA02 | Combined Mortality Data Study on Workers at the Hanford Site, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and Rocky Flats, Nuclear Weapons Plant | 25,241 | White | Male | Cancer mortality | 1/1/1944 |
| LAB22A01 | Mortality Among Workers at LANL, Employed 1943–1980 | 26,328 | Asian, Black, Hispanic, Native American, White, unknown | Male, Female | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1940 |
| LAHSWA04 | Analytic Health Study of Los Alamos, ZIA Company, and Manhattan Project Workers, 1994 | 7,466 | White, unknown | Male, Female | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1944 |
| LAMULW02 | Combined LANL and Zia Company Working Data File Set | 38,552 | Black, White, other, unknown | Male, female | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1944 |
| LAUPUA01 | Follow-Up Study for the Manhattan Project Plutonium Workers | 26 | White | Male | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1944 |
| MDFACW02 | Working Data File Set for Mound Plant | 6,881 | Black, White, other, unknown | Male, female, unknown | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1941 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Latest Exposure | Follow-Up | Exposure Type | Exposure Agent | Covariate | Sites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12/31/1981 | 12/31/1993 | Ionizing radiation | Plutonium-239, gamma and neutron | General occupation category | Hanford Site, Oak Ridge X-10, Rocky Flats Plant |
| 12/31/1980 | 12/31/2017 | Combined external and internal radiation | Photons, neutrons, tritium, 238Pu, and 239Pu | Education | LANL |
| 6/30/1990 | 6/30/1990 | External and internal radiation | Plutonium-238, Plutonium-239, gamma, tritium, and neutrons | Ethnicity, education | LANL (including Zia Company) |
| 12/31/1990 | 12/31/1990 | External and internal radiation | External ionizing radiation, plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-242, tritium | Education, state of birth, first job title, last job title, autopsy indicator, state of death, | LANL |
| 12/31/1945 | 12/31/1987 | Aerosol | Plutonium-239 | No data available | LANL |
| 12/31/1979 | 12/31/1992 | External and internal radiation monitoring | Polonium, neutron, tritium, whole body dose | Education, autopsy indicator, place of death, job title, job code, date of job start | Mound Plant |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Data File | Study Name | Cohort Size | Races | Sex | Diseases | Earliest Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFCLCCA1 | Study of Childhood Leukemia and Paternal Radiation Exposure among Communities near Hanford Site, Idaho Site, and Oak Ridge Site | 1,269 | Black, White, other, unknown | Male, female | Leukemia prevalence | 1/1/1957 |
| MFD94A01 | Case-Control Study of Respiratory Cancer at Uranium Facilities at Tennessee Eastman Corporation and Y-12 facilities in Oak Ridge, Mallinckrodt Chemical Works in St. Louis and Weldon Springs, Missouri, and the Feed Materials Production Center in Fernald, Ohio | 1,580 | No data available | No data available | Respiratory cancer | 1/1/1942 |
| MFFEGWA1 | Mortality Study Among Female Nuclear Weapons Workers at LANL, Zia Company, Rocky Flats, Hanford, Mound, Savannah River, Oak Ridge X-10, Y-12 and K-25, Fernald, Linde, and Pantex | 65,984 | Black, White | Female | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1943 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Latest Exposure | Follow-Up | Exposure Type | Exposure Agent | Covariate | Sites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12/31/1991 | Radiation monitoring | Deep dose equivalent, tritium, neutrons, maximum permissible body burden | Date of job start for parents, date of job end for parents, job code for parents, job description for parents, year of diagnosis, current diagnosis, previous cancer indicator, diagnosis age, previous cancer treatment | Hanford Site, Idaho National Laboratory, Oak Ridge K-25 (Gaseous Diffusion Plant), Oak Ridge X-10, Oak Ridge Y-12 | |
| 12/31/1982 | 12/31/1982 | No data available | No data available | Pay code, earliest tobacco code and date it, heaviest tobacco code and date of it, date of hire, beryllium worker indicator, earliest job title | Fernald Site, Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, Oak Ridge Y-12, Oak Ridge Tennessee Eastman Company |
| 12/31/1979 | 12/31/1994 | External penetrating radiation | No data available | Facility, hire date | Fernald Site, Hanford Site, Linde Plant, LANL, Mound Plant, Oak Ridge K-25 (Gaseous Diffusion Plant), Oak Ridge X-10, Oak Ridge Y-12, Pantex Plant, Rocky Flats Plant, Savannah River Site, Zia Company |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Data File | Study Name | Cohort Size | Races | Sex | Diseases | Earliest Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFI93A01 | International Agency for Research on Cancer Cohort Study of Nuclear Workers in the US, UK, and Canada, 1994 | 59,995 | No data available | Male, Female | Cancer mortality | 1/1/1944 |
| MFI93A01 | International Agency for Research on Cancer Cohort Study of Nuclear Workers in the US, UK, and Canada, 1994 | 59,995 | No data available | Male, female | Cancer mortality | 1/1/1944 |
| MFMCHMA1 | Cohort Mortality Study of Chemical Laboratory Workers at Department of Energy Nuclear Plants | 6,157 | White, non-White | Male, female | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1943 |
| MFMCHMA1 | Cohort Mortality Study of Chemical Laboratory Workers at Department of Energy Nuclear Plants | 6,157 | White, non-White | Male, female | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1943 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Latest Exposure | Follow-Up | Exposure Type | Exposure Agent | Covariate | Sites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12/31/1986 | External and internal radiation monitoring | Gamma radiation, plutonium, neutrons | Social class (based on education), strontium indicator, last social class, longest-held social class, duration of employment, neutron likelihood indicator, date of hire, date of termination, industrial worker indicator | Hanford Site, Oak Ridge X-10, Rocky Flats Plant | |
| 12/31/1986 | External and internal radiation monitoring | Gamma radiation, plutonium, neutrons | Social class (based on education), strontium indicator, last social class, longest-held social class, duration of employment, neutron likelihood indicator, date of hire, date of termination, industrial worker indicator | Hanford Site, Oak Ridge X-10, Rocky Flats Plant | |
| 12/31/1998 | Chemical exposure, ionizing radiation | Chemical exposure, ionizing radiation | Potential chemical exposure, job title, facility, hire date, duration of employment, processing area indicator | Oak Ridge K-25 (Gaseous Diffusion Plant), Oak Ridge X-10, Oak Ridge Y-12, Savannah River Site | |
| 12/31/1998 | Chemical exposure, ionizing radiation | Chemical exposure, ionizing radiation | Potential chemical exposure, job title, facility, hire date, duration of employment, processing area indicator | Oak Ridge K-25 (Gaseous Diffusion Plant), Oak Ridge X-10, Oak Ridge Y-12, Savannah River Site |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Data File | Study Name | Cohort Size | Races | Sex | Diseases | Earliest Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFMM98A1 | Epidemiologic Study of Multiple Myeloma at Hanford, LANL, ORNL, and Savannah River Sites | 115,143 | Black, White, other, unknown | Male, female | Cancer mortality | 1/1/1943 |
| MFMM98W1 | Chemical and Physical Hazards Assessment Working Data for Hanford, LANL, ORNL, and Savannah River Sites | 176 | No data available | No data available | No data available | |
| MFMM98W2 | Detailed External Radiation Monitoring Working Data for Hanford, LANL, ORNL, and Savannah River Sites | 0 | No data available | No data available | No data available | 1/1/1944 |
| MFMM98W3 | Detailed Internal Radiation Monitoring Working Data for Hanford, LANL, ORNL, and Savannah River Sites | 214 | No data available | No data available | No data available |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Latest Exposure | Follow-Up | Exposure Type | Exposure Agent | Covariate | Sites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12/31/1990 | External and internal radiation monitoring | Neutrons, gamma radiation, X-Rays, high beta radiation, tritium, aromatic hydrocarbons, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, ELF/EMF, halogenated hydrocarbons, mercury, microwave, nickel, lead, uranium, welding fumes, plutonium, strontium, tritium | Facility, health classification change indicator, number of DOE facilities, education, military service, nonionizing radiation exposure indicator, paint exposure indicator, radiation treatment indicator, smoking history, years not smoking, farm indicator | Hanford Site, LANL, Oak Ridge X-10, Savannah River Site | |
| Chemical and physical hazards | Many chemical agents | No data available | Hanford Site, LANL, Oak Ridge X-10, Savannah River Site | ||
| 12/31/1990 | External radiation monitoring | Neutrons, tritium, gamma | No data available | Hanford Site, LANL, Oak Ridge X-10, Savannah River Site | |
| Internal radiation monitoring | Cobalt, cesium, fission products, beta, uranium, strontium, plutonium, potassium-40, manganese-54, sodium-22 | Reason for bioassay | Hanford Site, LANL, Oak Ridge X-10, Savannah River Site |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Data File | Study Name | Cohort Size | Races | Sex | Diseases | Earliest Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORK25A01 | Case-Control Study of Nickel Workers at the Oak Ridge K-25 Facility | 8,366 | White | Males | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1948 |
| ORK25A02 | K-25 Retrospective Cohort Mortality Study | 35,712 | Black, White, other, unknown | Male, female, unknown | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1945 |
| ORK25A02 | K-25 Retrospective Cohort Mortality Study | 35,712 | Black, White, other, unknown | Male, female, unknown | Cancer and non-cancer mortality | 1/1/1945 |
| ORMULA01 | Cohort Study of Welders at the Oak Ridge Site | 1,062 | White | Males | Cancer and non-cancer mortality | 1/1/1943 |
| PXFACW01 | Pantex Plant Working Data File Set | 7,425 | Black, White, other, unknown | Male, female, unknown | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1951 |
| ZARADA01 | Zia Company Cohort Mortality Study, 1992 | 5,424 | Black, Native American, Asian, White, unknown | Male, female, unknown | Cancer and noncancer mortality | 1/1/1946 |
NOTES: DOE = Department of Energy; LANL = Los Alamos National Laboratory; ORNL = Oak Ridge National Laboratory; SAM = substitute alloy materials.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
| Latest Exposure | Follow-Up | Exposure Type | Exposure Agent | Covariate | Sites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12/31/1953 | 12/31/1977 | Nickel powder | Nickel | Smoking history, barrier worker indicator, hire date, first date of nickel department work | Oak Ridge K-25 (Gaseous Diffusion Plant) |
| 12/31/1984 | 1/1/1990 | No data available | Soluble uranium, external radiation, insoluble uranium oxides, uranium hexafluoride, hydrofluoric acid | First pay code, last pay code, number of DOE facilities, SAM laboratory employment indicator | Oak Ridge K-25 (Gaseous Diffusion Plant) |
| 12/31/1984 | 1/1/1990 | No data available | Soluble uranium, external radiation, insoluble uranium oxides, uranium hexafluoride, hydrofluoric acid | First pay code, last pay code, number of DOE facilities, SAM laboratory employment indicator | Oak Ridge K-25 (Gaseous Diffusion Plant) |
| 12/31/1982 | 12/31/1974 | Nickel oxides | Nickel oxides | Hire date, year of birth | Oak Ridge K-25 (Gaseous Diffusion Plant), Oak Ridge X-10, Oak Ridge Y-12 |
| 12/31/1981 | 12/31/1993 | External and internal radiation monitoring | Gamma, neutron, nuclide | Education, first job title, last job title, autopsy indicator, death location | Pantex Plant |
| 12/31/1986 | 12/31/1991 | External and internal radiation monitoring | Gamma, plutonium-238, plutonium-239 | Ethnicity | Zia Company (Los Alamos) |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
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Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Selected Epidemiologic Studies of Radiological and Chemical Exposures." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/28585.
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