FRONTIERS IN

MEMRISTIVE MATERIALS

FOR NEUROMORPHIC
PROCESSING APPLICATIONS

PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP

Paul Timothy Beaton, Rapporteur

Condensed Matter and Materials Research Committee

Board on Physics and Astronomy

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by Contract DE-SC0020408 with the U.S. Department of Energy and Grants DMR-1830008 and DMR-2028849 with the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-68319-7
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-68319-X
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25938

This publication is available in limited quantities from

Board on Physics and Astronomy
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
bpa@nas.edu
https://sites.nationalacademies.org/bpa

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2021 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Frontiers in Memristive Materials for Neuromorphic Processing Applications: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25938.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

PLANNING COMMITTEE ON FRONTIERS IN MEMRISTIVE MATERIALS FOR NEUROMORPHIC PROCESSING APPLICATIONS: A WORKSHOP

LESLIE MOMODA, HRL Laboratories, Chair

CHARLES AHN, Yale University

GIULIA GALLI, University of Chicago

TOM C. LUBENSKY, NAS,¹ University of Pennsylvania

IVAN SCHULLER, University of California, San Diego

DMITRI STRUKOV, University of California, Santa Barbara

R. STANLEY WILLIAMS, Texas A&M University

THOMAS A. WITTEN, University of Chicago

Staff

CHRISTOPHER JONES, Program Officer

COLLEEN N. HARTMAN, Board Director (from April 2021)

JAMES LANCASTER, Board Director (until April 2021)

NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer

AMISHA JINANDRA, Associate Program Officer

LINDA WALKER, Program Coordinator

___________________

¹ Member, National Academy of Sciences.

CONDENSED MATTER AND MATERIALS RESEARCH COMMITTEE

SUSAN COPPERSMITH, NAS,¹ University of Wisconsin, Madison, Chair

TOM WITTEN, University of Chicago, Vice Chair

CHARLES AHN, Yale University

RAYMUNDO ARROYAVE, Texas A&M University

KARIN DAHMEN, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

THOMAS EPPS, University of Delaware

GIULIA GALLI, University of Chicago

OLIVIA A. GRAEVE, University of California, San Diego

AHARON KAPITULNIK, NAS, Stanford University

ANTHONY KU, National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy

TOM C. LUBENSKY, NAS, University of Pennsylvania

LESLIE MOMODA, HRL Laboratories

PIERRE WILTZIUS, University of California, Santa Barbara

KAREN WINEY, University of Pennsylvania

STEVEN J. ZINKLE, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Staff

CHRISTOPHER JONES, Senior Program Officer

COLLEEN N. HARTMAN, Board Director (from April 2021)

JAMES LANCASTER, Board Director (until April 2021)

NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer

AMISHA JINANDRA, Associate Program Officer

LINDA WALKER, Program Coordinator

___________________

¹ Member, National Academy of Sciences.

BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

ABRAHAM LOEB, Harvard University, Chair

ANDREW LANKFORD, University of California, Irvine, Vice Chair

MEIGAN ARONSON, University of British Columbia

WILLIAM BIALEK, NAS,¹ Princeton University

JILL DAHLBURG, Naval Research Laboratory

SALLY DAWSON, Brookhaven National Laboratory

LOUIS DIMAURO, Ohio State University

WENDY FREEDMAN, NAS, University of Chicago

TIM HECKMAN, NAS, Johns Hopkins University

WENDELL HILL III, University of Maryland

ALAN HURD, Los Alamos National Laboratory

CHUNG-PEI MA, University of California, Berkeley

NERGIS MAVALVALA, NAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

SUNIL SINHA, University of California, San Diego

WILLIAM A. ZAJC, Columbia University

Staff

COLLEEN N. HARTMAN, Director (from April 2021)

JAMES LANCASTER, Director (until April 2021)

GREGORY MACK, Senior Program Officer

CHRISTOPHER JONES, Senior Program Officer

NEERAJ P. GORKHALY, Associate Program Officer

AMISHA JINANDRA, Associate Program Officer

LINDA WALKER, Program Coordinator

BETH DOLAN, Financial Associate

DONALD SHAPERO, Senior Scholar

___________________

¹ Member, National Academy of Sciences.

This page intentionally left blank.

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by David W. Johnson, Jr., NAE,² Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of

___________________

¹ Member, National Academy of Sciences.

² Member, National Academy of Engineering.

this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteur and the National Academies.

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

2 WORKSHOP PLENARIES

An Overview of Memristor Technologies

RRAM: Mechanisms of Operation

Neuromorphic Computing with Polymers

Device Requirements and Challenges of Mixed-Signal Neuromorphic Hardware

Device Architectures to Meet Neuromorphic Computing Challenges

Future of Energy-Efficient Computing Based on Memristive Elements

3 PANEL DISCUSSION

APPENDIXES

A Statement of Task

B Workshop Agenda

C Registered Workshop Participants

D Speaker and Planning Committee Biographical Information

E Acronyms

This page intentionally left blank.