| ACE | Advanced Composition Explorer |
| ACRIMSAT | Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Satellite |
| ACS | Advanced Camera for Surveys |
| AIM | Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere |
| APL | Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory |
| ARTEMIS | Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun |
| ASD | Astrophysics Division |
| ASTER | Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer |
| CALIPSO | Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation |
| Caltech | California Institute of Technology |
| CHIPS | Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer |
| CINDI | Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamic Investigation |
| CO | carbon monoxide |
| COS | Cosmic Origins Spectrograph |
| COSTAR | Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement |
| CXC | Chandra X-Ray Center |
| DSN | Deep Space Network |
| EO-1 | Earth Observing-One Mission |
| EOS | Earth Observation System |
| EPOXI | Extrasolar Planet Observation and Deep Impact Extended Investigation |
| ERBE | Earth Radiation Budget Experiment |
| ERBS | Earth Radiation Budget Satellite |
| ESA | European Space Agency |
| ESD | Earth Science Division |
| ESS | Earth System Science |
| EUVE | Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer |
| FAST | Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer |
| FGS | Fine Guidance Sensor |
| FOC | Faint Object Camera |
| FOS | Faint Object Spectrograph |
| FUSE | Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer |
| FY | fiscal year |
| GALEX | Galaxy Evolution Explorer |
| Geotail | Geomagnetic Tail Lab |
| GHRS | Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph |
| GPS Science | Global Positioning System Science |
| GRACE | Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment |
| GRACE-FO | Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On |
| GRAIL | Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory |
| GSFC | Goddard Space Flight Center |
| HD | Heliophysics Division |
| HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment |
| HSO | Heliophysics System Observatory |
| HSP | High Speed Photometer |
| HST | Hubble Space Telescope |
| IBEX | Interstellar Boundary Explorer |
| ICE | International Cometary Explorer |
| ICESat | Ice, Cloud, and Lade Elevation Satellite |
| IMAGE | Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration |
| INTEGRAL | International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory |
| IRIS | Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph |
| ISEE-3 | International Earth-Sun Explorer-3 |
| IUE | International Ultraviolet Explorer |
| JPL | Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
| JWST | James Webb Space Telescope |
| LAGEOS | Laser Geodynamics Satellites |
| LRO | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter |
| LROC | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera |
| MAVEN | Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution |
| MaxWISE | Refers to a proposed Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer mission |
| MER | Mars Exploration Rover |
| MESSENGER | Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging |
| MGS | Mars Global Surveyor |
| MIDEX | Medium-class Explorer |
| MISR | Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer |
| MIT | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| MMS | Magnetospheric Multiscale |
| MODIS | Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer |
| MOPITT | Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere |
| MRO | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter |
| MSL | Mars Science Laboratory |
| NAC | Narrow-Angle Camera |
| NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| NEN | Near Earth Network |
| NEO | near Earth object |
| NEOWISE | Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer |
| NICMOS | Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer |
| NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
| NPR | NASA Procedural Requirement |
| NRC | National Research Council |
| NuSTAR | Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array |
| O3 | ozone |
| OSTM | Ocean Surface Topography Mission |
| PI | principal investigator |
| PPBE | Planning, Programming, Budget and Execution |
| PSD | Planetary Science Division |
| QuikSCAT | Quick Scatterometer |
| R&A | research and analysis |
| RapidScat | Rapid Scatterometer |
| RHESSI | Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager |
| ROSES | Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences |
| RSL | recurring slope lineae |
| RXTE | Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer |
| SAGE | Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment |
| SAMPEX | Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer |
| SDO | Solar Dynamics Observatory |
| SM | Servicing Mission |
| SMD | Science Mission Directorate |
| SMEX | Small Explorer |
| SOHO | Solar and Heliospheric Observatory |
| SORCE | Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment |
| SSR | Solid State Recorder |
| Stardust-NExT | Stardust New Exploration of Tempel 1 |
| STEREO | Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
| STIS | Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph |
| Suomi NPP | Suomi National Polar orbiting Partnership, formerly the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project or NPP |
| TDE | tidal disruption event |
| THEMIS | Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms |
| TIM | Total Irradiance Monitor |
| TIMED | Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics |
| TOMS | Total Ozone Mapping |
| TRACE | Transition Region and Coronal Explorer |
| TRMM | Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission |
| TWINS | Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers |
| UARS | Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite |
| WFC | Wide Field Camera |
| WFIRST | Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope |
| WFPC | Wide Field and Planetary Camera |
| WISE | Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer |
| WMAP | Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe |
| XMM-Newton | X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission-Newton |